第1篇 扛得住艱難,才能配得上夢想演講稿
本期演講嘉賓:余華
我自認為我是個不甘平庸之人 也滿懷一腔熱血 自入校以來學到更多的是為人處事與驚覺不變的閱歷 也抓住了許多機遇走到今天 越發(fā)明確了'要么出局 要么出眾'的生活態(tài)度。
推薦理由:
他積極投身學生會日常管理工作 也多次參加志愿者服務活動 擁有一定的為人處事與隨機應變能力 在工作中有較強的責任心落實到每一件事 在工作中發(fā)出疑問 面對困難進行自主發(fā)現(xiàn)自主突破 有獨立思考解決問題的能力 在班級中也協(xié)助老師開展各項日常工作事務 為學部為班級的發(fā)展盡力獻力。
——朱濤
本期演講主題
敬愛的老師、親愛的同學們:
大家早上好,我是17機電大專班的 今天國旗下講話的主題是扛得住艱難,才配得上夢想。
六月正攜精高考悄然走來。臨考之際,留給高三學長學姐們的時間所剩無兒。此時與他們最重要的,是心態(tài)。
戰(zhàn)國策有言'行百步者半于九十,此言末路之難也'.三年來,一路風南將盡,知識早已翻過一-輪又-輪,題庫早已刷過一-遍又一遍。技能考、理論考,一輪輪的沖刷,想必他們已經(jīng)心中有數(shù)、胸有成竹。接下來的幾天里,各種情緒是否會如潮水般涌上心頭?有人說最困難之時,就是整裝待發(fā)時:而最困難之時也是離成功不遠之時。高考在即,壓力難免,所以如何看待壓力和競爭?是把它作為包袱還是變壓力為動力?在競爭中展示自己的才華和智慧,來回報自己無數(shù)個日夜的辛苦和汗水。
常言道分耕耘分收獲。他們付出的每份汗都將贏得回報。 在考試中的每一分都有可能改變一個人的一生,所以更要沉著細心、全力以赴。雖然他們大部分尚不知將去何方,或許心中有些忐忑不安,但'盡吾志也而不能至者,可以無悔矣'.曾為之努力拼搏過,便無怨無悔,無所畏懼。
高二預科班的學長學姐們,也將進入高三的緊張學習中。無疑,高三的學習是辛苦的,但可以學中求樂、快樂學習。作為準高三,要有明確的高考目標:應從現(xiàn)在開始行動,今日事今日畢:會合理利用時間;能夠調(diào)控好心態(tài);迎難而上,我們相信有志者事竟成滿懷信心,躊躇滿志的走進高三。將用'天生我材必有用'的自信,'鐵杵磨成針'的毅力,去編織屬于你們的精彩篇章。
而對于高-的同學來說,高考并不遙遠。萬丈高樓平地起,堅實基礎(chǔ)的建立至關(guān)重要,踏踏實實走好每一步,才能走得更穩(wěn)更遠。我們要立足當下、志在未來。'最無益莫過于一日哪十日寒,若有恒阿必三更眠壓更起'.天道酬勤,將來的你定會感謝現(xiàn)在拼搏的自己。
高三學子們,寒窗苦讀,沉淀了他們知識的底蘊;挑燈夜戰(zhàn),使他們遠征的行囊載滿學識。如今,十年磨劍,終到了一展鋒芒之時。我們相信,千淘萬漉雖辛苦,吹進黃沙到金!預祝高三同學馬到成功,金榜題名!
我的講話到此結(jié)束,謝謝大家!
'談及高三,很多人會說:那是有夢想的一年。為夢想付出的苦和累,日后都會化為一種甘甜。又到一年高考季,愿你們,愿你們合上筆蓋的那一刻,都有著戰(zhàn)士收刀入鞘的驕傲。以夢為馬,隨處可棲。金榜題名,圓夢六月。'
拼一載春秋,博一生無悔
青霄有路終須到,金榜無名誓不還
最后,預祝本屆高三學子考取自己心儀的大學,開啟人生新的征程。
愿歷盡千帆,歸來仍少年。
愿你御風破浪歷盡千帆,歸來仍是少年
愿有人陪你顛沛流離,以夢為馬,隨處可棲
愿你有盔甲也有軟肋,善良的有原則,感性的有底線。
愿你走出半生,歸來仍是少年。
第2篇 藥企慶祝建國60周年演講稿:漸入正途的艱難之路
藥企慶祝建國60周年演講稿:漸入正途的艱難之路
--中國藥企60年發(fā)展分析
在中國醫(yī)藥產(chǎn)業(yè)近60年的發(fā)展進程中,既經(jīng)歷過封閉的獨立自主的發(fā)展階段,又在經(jīng)歷著不得不面對國際藥業(yè)全球格局的階段,這一進程對于中國企業(yè)來說,有著多重意義,而中國制藥業(yè)的發(fā)展軌跡和特征,也值得稍作梳理。
在當前階段,已經(jīng)沒有充足的時間留給中國的制藥企業(yè)去轉(zhuǎn)型、調(diào)整和應對,而同時又存在體制、環(huán)境和人才諸多方面的困境,如何在困境中把握來自于全局的機遇,敢于面對必然的挑戰(zhàn),從歷史和發(fā)展中總結(jié)經(jīng)驗,突破困境,是擺在每一個企業(yè)面前的艱難選擇。
商業(yè)開放:第一代藥企突圍
在計劃經(jīng)濟時代的中國醫(yī)藥行業(yè),從中央到地方,慣例模式是醫(yī)藥(西藥)、中藥材兩大版塊分列,商業(yè)功能則由從國家醫(yī)藥公司、國家藥材公司至上而下的三級醫(yī)藥站調(diào)撥方式完成。在這一階段,對于制藥企業(yè)而言,是只具備簡單的工業(yè)企業(yè)職能的,而目前所流行的營銷和銷售兩個模塊,則是由國家統(tǒng)一包了的。在20世紀80年代末之前,全國的制藥企業(yè)只有幾百家,從特定角度來說,中國醫(yī)藥工業(yè)的發(fā)展在國家調(diào)控的指揮棒之下,有著井然的秩序。
這個秩序的打破,肇因于中國全社會改革開放浪潮的開始和壯大。在上世紀80年代中后期,一如所有的市場經(jīng)濟規(guī)律,新型商業(yè)流通模式的發(fā)展帶來變革的壓力,這時的制藥工業(yè)企業(yè),面臨著來自于上下兩方面的壓力,一方面上游供應商的原材料價格上漲積壓利潤空間,一方面是下游的藥品流通領(lǐng)域企業(yè)的市場化發(fā)展競爭突破了計劃經(jīng)濟的調(diào)撥模式,不斷壓低藥品價格。
可以說這一時期中國制藥企業(yè)的最初變革是被動的,迫于生存的壓力開始了第一步的市場化探索,不得不從計劃調(diào)撥模式走向工業(yè)自銷模式。
當時的工業(yè)自銷狀況,尚距離現(xiàn)代醫(yī)藥營銷概念差之甚遠,最典型的方式無過于各種各樣的藥品交易會。自古以來,中國在中藥材交易領(lǐng)域就有藥市交易的傳統(tǒng),由此,一些傳統(tǒng)的藥市交易地成為最初的藥品交易會興盛地,諸如河南百泉藥交會和江西樟樹藥交會等,這直接導致了全國各地大辦藥交會局面的出現(xiàn),中國制藥業(yè)的市場化探索就這樣邁出了第一步。
不得不提的是,最初階段的制藥企業(yè)發(fā)展,尚具備市場化初期的純樸性和單一性。產(chǎn)品療效的好壞是競爭主線,回扣和帶金銷售尚沒有大規(guī)模產(chǎn)生。而也如一貫的市場經(jīng)濟規(guī)律,在不同地域和不同的大類用藥領(lǐng)域,也在逐步形成較具規(guī)模的制藥企業(yè),諸如傳統(tǒng)的四大制藥企業(yè)等。這時的醫(yī)藥行業(yè)從業(yè)人員,素質(zhì)普遍較高,皆為從計劃經(jīng)濟時代一步一步扎實走過來的老藥人,有著樸素而厚實的道德素養(yǎng)。
廣告大戰(zhàn):第二代藥企崛起
到80年代末,中國制藥業(yè)出現(xiàn)了一個具有代表性的轉(zhuǎn)折期,這是一個危害至今的發(fā)展階段。
由于當時的醫(yī)藥購銷兩旺,以及越來越大的國民健康需求的發(fā)展。中國制藥業(yè)在80年代中后期步入了第一個行業(yè)整體發(fā)展的黃金期,巨大的市場需求和利潤空間導致各地方利益集團(主要是政府)開始大建藥廠,進入中國制藥業(yè),由此,在短短不到10年的時間之內(nèi),中國制藥工業(yè)企業(yè)數(shù)量由最初的幾百家飆升到5 500多家,行業(yè)從業(yè)人員良莠不齊。
反思這個發(fā)展,有三個大的原因不得不說,一個是中國當時尚不具備成形的專利保護法系,藥廠產(chǎn)品的泛濫一發(fā)不可收,無論是中藥還是西藥,都大量出現(xiàn)了同一產(chǎn)品可以由上百家藥廠出產(chǎn)的情況。另一個原因則是中央政府對于新藥廠建設沒有設置有效的準入制度,小規(guī)模的投入即可建立一個土作坊似的藥品生產(chǎn)點。第三個原因則是當時中國尚沒有形成完整的全國統(tǒng)一市場,區(qū)塊劃分嚴重,而地方利益集團勢力強大,導致中國藥品的生產(chǎn)和營銷也成嚴重的區(qū)塊劃分態(tài)勢,每一個區(qū)塊內(nèi)制藥企業(yè)和商業(yè)企業(yè)都大量無序繁衍。
由此可見,從一個特殊角度來說,中國制藥業(yè)仿制藥盛行和產(chǎn)品低水平重復的局面,其實來自于中國藥業(yè)無序的自由市場競爭。也由此可見,在中國諸多行業(yè)發(fā)展的經(jīng)驗中,國家意志主導和骨干企業(yè)資本介入兩種有效的模式都未曾在制藥行業(yè)內(nèi)有效發(fā)揮作用。而由此產(chǎn)生的“哈藥”模式,只不過企業(yè)在無所助力的環(huán)境中尋找的一個大膽又冒險的突破口。
中國制藥行業(yè)的發(fā)展,開始躍入以廣告投放量計算發(fā)展的時代,這個時代一直延續(xù)至今,存留下來的記憶,好的藥品和企業(yè)品牌似乎都已經(jīng)沒有了痕跡,能夠想到的,只是保健品時代的旺盛。廣告透支的副作用也極其嚴重,藥廠泛濫導致的廣告泛濫直接摧毀了消費者對于藥品的信任,也直接導致了藥品消費更加依賴于醫(yī)院和醫(yī)生處方。
在進入20__年之后,政府不得不逐漸出面制定關(guān)于藥品廣告方面的漸漸嚴厲的法規(guī),保健品退居為食字號,處方藥已經(jīng)不能在絕大多數(shù)媒體刊登廣告,抗生素開始限售,這一系列規(guī)制的出臺,也宣告了中國藥業(yè)以廣告投放為特征的市場突圍宣告失敗。
資本重組: 第三代藥企格局
在20__年前后,也即中國政府就加入wto做最后努力的時刻,作為一個不算大的行業(yè)領(lǐng)域,中國制藥業(yè)面臨即將到來的wto時代的諸多可能的深度沖擊,在這樣一個誘因之下,再加之中國改革開放發(fā)展所帶來的旺盛國內(nèi)需求,中國藥業(yè)掀起了一輪國內(nèi)資本的并購重組浪潮。
這一輪資本重組有幾個鮮明的特征。一是以搶占市場格局為側(cè)重點,二是以搶占區(qū)域市場主導優(yōu)勢為側(cè)重點。這兩個側(cè)重點的選擇,依然是基于市場導向選擇,從而掀起了一場資本層面的混戰(zhàn),這一波重組浪潮也可以看作是中國制藥業(yè)對自己尚不熟悉的資本操作層面的一次探索,成功者少,失敗者多也成為必然。三九集團,北京雙鶴藥業(yè),華源集團等都在“做大”和“做強”的辯證關(guān)系中倒了下去??傮w而言,在這一輪資本運作之后,全國以主要的區(qū)域市場為中心,依然形成了一系列較大的制藥集團。
當然,也有較為成功的個案。醫(yī)藥商業(yè)領(lǐng)域最為成功的個案即使海王星辰連鎖藥店布局,海王星辰20__年與美國美信合資成立美信醫(yī)藥連鎖,20__年又獲高盛4000萬投資,而其中核心,則在于海王星辰通過外資的介入,直接移植了國外成熟的連鎖藥店經(jīng)營模式,也較好的逐步穩(wěn)固了自己的幾個主要區(qū)域布局和物流體系。
商業(yè)領(lǐng)域的較多成功案例并不能掩飾在制藥工業(yè)領(lǐng)域的弱勢。這一弱勢的深層根源,依然在于行業(yè)整體極弱的藥品研發(fā)創(chuàng)新能力,收購和重組新的企業(yè),并不能帶來研發(fā)體系的新的變革,帶來的只是規(guī)模的增大和銷售額的單純上升,而存在于收購之前企業(yè)內(nèi)的諸多問題,依然沒有解決之道。
可惜的是,這一輪的追求規(guī)模型的資本浪潮之后,有相當一部分企業(yè)和行業(yè)精英人士已經(jīng)在深入思考。這種思考直接帶來了另外一個層面的資本運作,即引入新品種,打造初步的研發(fā)能力以及初步的臨床學術(shù)理念。由此,資本運作也開始真正觸及到中國制藥業(yè)真正的短板所在。
臨床導向:第四代藥企雛形
如果說前三代的中國醫(yī)藥企業(yè)發(fā)展,都是在市場和營銷的層面產(chǎn)生巨大變革的話,那么今天的中國醫(yī)藥行業(yè),在經(jīng)歷一系列的苦難之后,已經(jīng)有部分企業(yè)開始直面自己的短板之處。這個短板,就是始終繞不過去的新藥研發(fā)能力。中國制藥行業(yè)起家于抗生素原料藥行業(yè),后又發(fā)展起門類齊全的仿制藥工業(yè),如果說在中國發(fā)展的初期,這種跟隨性的后發(fā)優(yōu)勢是中國制藥業(yè)可以快速發(fā)展壯大的必然途徑。那么在今天,行業(yè)的大格局和背景已經(jīng)發(fā)生了很大變化,在新的變化下,過分拘泥于傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)勢和經(jīng)驗,即是落后。
如果單純以制藥外企進入中國的時間來看,中國制藥業(yè)是對外開放較早的行業(yè)之一,早在80年代,諸如西安楊森就已進入中國市場。但中國制藥業(yè)依然在兩個強大的背負下不能放手融入全球制藥業(yè)市場:一是保護中國弱小的仿制藥工業(yè),二是保證中國民眾的用藥安全。無論是投資、合資領(lǐng)域,研發(fā)領(lǐng)域還是商業(yè)領(lǐng)域,中國人的一系列不開放姿態(tài)導致了到今天為止一個奇怪的局面。制藥外企依然在中國取得了很好的發(fā)展,但中國制藥工業(yè)并未如其它行業(yè)諸如汽車工業(yè)那樣從合資合作中取得自身的長足發(fā)展。一面是中國制藥企業(yè)的軍閥混戰(zhàn),一面是制藥外企攜原研藥品的長驅(qū)直入不可阻擋。
但希望總是在的。制藥外企所帶來的經(jīng)驗依然為部分中國企業(yè)所感受和學習。這些經(jīng)驗的核心就是,建立基于原研藥的生產(chǎn)研發(fā)體系,建立基于原研藥的市場銷售策略。在這兩個方面,已經(jīng)有相當一部分中國企業(yè)開始了自己的征途。
_____天普生化醫(yī)藥股份有限公司無疑就是其中一個最具典型代表性的個案。傅和亮最先從事于新藥研發(fā)工作,創(chuàng)業(yè)起家,公司的主要產(chǎn)品包括一類新藥凱力康(尤瑞克林)、二類新藥天普洛安(烏司他?。?,這些主力藥品都取得了良好的市場成績,并且發(fā)展迅速。以傅和亮的經(jīng)驗來看,天普的發(fā)展,恰恰是走過了截然不同的兩個階段,最初以傳統(tǒng)銷售模式拉動的天普幾個省份辦事處,已經(jīng)衰落;而最新的上海,江浙、北京等地以臨床學術(shù)理念營銷為主的辦事處,則處于極速上升期。產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)秀加上臨床學術(shù)理念營銷為主的新模式,讓天普得以煥然一新。同時20__年天普作為一家創(chuàng)業(yè)型小型企業(yè),獲得上海實業(yè)的51%的股份投資,又在資金層面獲得強助。有證券公司分析,_____天普將在未來3年之內(nèi)突破銷售額10億元,成長為中國最大的生物制藥公司。
_____天普,先聲藥業(yè)等的成功,恰恰代表了新型國內(nèi)制藥企業(yè)的崛起,這個“新”就凸顯在企業(yè)本身已經(jīng)回歸到最為根本的藥物研發(fā)創(chuàng)新能力主線上,這一回歸的過程中充滿艱難坎坷,但確是中國制藥企業(yè)不得不付出的成本和必須打好的基礎(chǔ)。
談起這一批新型企業(yè)來,有幾個共同點不得不說,一是有藥物研發(fā)相關(guān)經(jīng)歷的經(jīng)營人才或歸國人士大多主導或者參與企業(yè)的發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)型,這一部分精英視野開闊,不受中國醫(yī)藥行業(yè)積病所困;二是企業(yè)團隊具有優(yōu)秀的文化,有藥物研發(fā)和學術(shù)營銷的經(jīng)驗;三是善于利用資本工具獲取所需的新藥品或者國外直接的營銷經(jīng)驗模式;四是大多目前尚處于起步期,規(guī)模偏小,但成長速度極快。
第3篇 ted英語演講:你該如何面對艱難的選擇
面對困難的選擇,我們一開始就錯了
演講者:ruth chang
think of a hard choice you'll face in the near future. it might be between two careers--artist and accountant--or places to live--the city or the country--or even between two people to marry--you could marry betty or you could marry lolita. or it might be a choice about whether to have children, to have an ailing parent move in with you, to raise your child in a religion that your partner lives by but leaves you cold. or whether to donate your life savings to charity.
設想在不久的未來,你將面對一個艱難的決定。這也許是在兩份職業(yè)中做出一個選擇,藝術(shù)家還是會計師;也許是選擇居住的地方,城市還是鄉(xiāng)村;也許是在兩個人中選擇和誰結(jié)婚,betty 或者是lolita;抑或思考是否要孩子;是否讓年老體衰的父母跟你一起住;是否讓你的孩子信奉你配偶信仰的宗教,即便你會因自身不信奉而被冷落;又或者說,是否將畢生積儲捐贈給慈善機構(gòu)。
chances are, the hard choice you thought of was something big, something momentous, something that matters to you. hard choices seem to be occasions for agonizing, hand-wringing, the gnashing of teeth. but i think we've misunderstood hard choices and the role they play in our lives. understanding hard choicesuncovers a hidden power each of us possesses.
有可能,你所思考的這些艱難抉擇都十分龐大,十分重要你也十分重視。每當困難的選擇出現(xiàn),他都會讓你感到痛苦、絕望,讓你咬牙切齒。但我認為我們誤解了艱難抉擇的定義,更誤解了其在我們生活中扮演的角色。倘若能理解這些艱難決定,我們每個人便會發(fā)掘出 一種隱藏的潛力。
what makes a choice hard is the way the alternatives relate. in any easy choice, one alternative is better than the other. in a hard choice, one alternative is better in some ways, the other alternative is better in other ways, and neither is better than the other overall. you agonize over whether to stay in your current job in the city or uproot your life for more challenging work in the country, because staying is better in some ways,moving is better in others, and neither is better than the other overall.
一個抉擇之所以難是由于選項之間相互關(guān)聯(lián)。任何簡單的抉擇中,總有一種選擇比另一種要好??稍谄D難抉擇中,一種選擇在某些方面較好,另一種選擇在其他方面較好,二者各有千秋讓人無法定奪。你痛苦地糾結(jié)于應該繼續(xù)呆在這座城市里干這份工作,還是改變一下你的生活方式到鄉(xiāng)村去接受更具挑戰(zhàn)性的工作,因為留下有留下的好處,離開也有好處,兩種選擇各有千秋難以定奪。
we shouldn't think that all hard choices are big. let's say you're deciding what to have for breakfast. you could have high fiber bran cereal or a chocolate donut. suppose what matters in the choice is tastiness and healthfulness. the cereal is better for you, the donut tastes way better, but neither is better than the other overall, a hard choice.
我們不應該認為所有的艱難抉擇都很龐大。打個比方,你正決定吃什么早餐。你可以吃高纖維全谷干麥片,或者吃巧克力甜甜圈。假設在此抉擇中的決定性因素是美味程度和健康程度。麥片對你身體好,甜甜圈卻好吃很多,但兩者都有自身優(yōu)勢,這就是一個艱難抉擇。
realizing that small choices can also be hard, may make big hard choices seem less intractable. after all, we manage to figure out what to have for breakfast, so maybe we can figure out whether to stay in the city or uproot for the new job in the country.
如果意識到小的選擇也可能會變得困難,那面對大的艱難抉擇時我們可能就不會覺得那么棘手了。畢竟,我們總能決定早餐吃什么,所以我們也許能夠想明白,究竟要留在市區(qū),還是到鄉(xiāng)下接手新的工作。
we also shouldn't think that hard choices are hard because we are stupid. when i graduated from college, i couldn't decide between two careers, philosophy and law. i really loved philosophy. there are amazing things you can learn as a philosopher, and all from the comfort of an armchair. but i came from a modest immigrant family where my idea of lu_ury was having a pork tongue and jelly sandwich in my school lunchbo_, so the thought of spending my whole life sitting around in armchairs just thinking ... well, that struck me as the height of e_travagance and frivolity.
同時,我們也不應該覺得,選擇之所以難是因為自己很愚蠢。在我剛大學畢業(yè)的時候,我無法從兩種職業(yè)中抉擇,哲學還是法律。我真心喜歡哲學,若能成為哲學家,便能學到很多驚奇的東西,而且舒舒服服地坐在椅子上就好??晌页錾砸粋€樸實簡素的移民家庭,我對奢侈的概念,就是能在上學的午餐盒里找到一塊豬舌和一份果凍三明治。所以這種一輩子僅坐在椅子上思考的想法,其實,對我來說只是一種奢侈和輕浮的假象罷了。
so i got out my yellow pad, i drew a line down the middle, and i tried my best to think of the reasons for and against each alternative. i remember thinking to myself, if only i knew what my life in each career would be like. if only god or netfli_ would send me a dvd of my two possible future careers, i'd be set. i'd compare them side by side, i'd see that one was better, and the choice would be easy.
所以我拿出自己黃色筆記本,在中間劃了一條線,然后竭盡所能地寫出每種選擇的利與弊。當時我就想:如果能知道選擇某種職業(yè)后我的人生會變成怎樣就好了。如果上帝或者網(wǎng)飛公司能送我一張dvd來向我描述這兩種充滿可能性的職業(yè)生涯,那我就能做出選擇了。我就能一一對比,看看哪種更好,這樣一來抉擇就簡單多了。
but i got no dvd, and because i couldn't figure out which was better, i did what many of us do in hard choices: i took the safest option. fear of being an unemployed philosopher led me to become a lawyer, and as i discovered, lawyering didn't quite fit. it wasn't who i was.
但我沒有收到這種dvd,而且由于我實在想不出哪一種更優(yōu),我就和大多數(shù)人一樣:選擇了最安全的一項。成為失業(yè)哲學家的恐懼,驅(qū)使我成了一名律師??珊髞砦野l(fā)現(xiàn),當律師不大適合我,這不是真正的我。
so now i'm a philosopher, and i study hard choices, and i can tell you, that fear of the unknown, while a common motivational default in dealing with hard choices, rests on a misconception of them.
所以我現(xiàn)在是名哲學家,我鉆研艱難抉擇,我可以告訴大家,對未知產(chǎn)生恐懼是在進行困難抉擇時的自然反應,而這種恐懼來源于對艱難抉擇的誤解。
it's a mistake to think that in hard choices, one alternative really is better than the other, but we're too stupid to know which, and since we don't know which, we might as well take the least risky option. even taking two alternatives side by side with full information, a choice can still be hard. hard choices are hard not because of us or our ignorance; they're hard because there is no best option.
我們不應該認為,在艱難抉擇中某種選擇總會會比另一種好,可我們自身太愚蠢,所以無法辨別,那既然我們無法定奪,倒不如選風險最小的那項。就算你完全了解了兩種選項并將其一一對照,你仍然很難決定。選擇之所以難,不是因為我們無知;難的原因在于沒有最優(yōu)選項。
now, if there's no best option, if the scales don't tip in favor of one alternative over another, then surely the alternatives must be equally good. so maybe the right thing to say in hard choices is that they're between equally good options. but that can't be right. if alternatives are equally good, you should just flip a coin between them, and it seems a mistake to think, here's how you should decide between careers, places to live, people to marry: flip a coin.
那么,如果沒有最佳項,如果衡量的天秤不會傾向于 任何一方,那么任何選項都一定是好的。所以面對艱難抉擇,可能正確的思維方式,就是認為選項雙方一樣好。這種想法肯定不對。如果選項都一樣好,那還不如直接拋硬幣算了,這樣就會產(chǎn)生思想誤區(qū),讓你認為自己選擇事業(yè)、住處、婚嫁時都拋硬幣選擇就好了。
there's another reason for thinking that hard choices aren't choices between equally good options. suppose you have a choice between two jobs: you could be an investment banker or a graphic artist. there are a variety of things that matter in such a choice, like the e_citement of the work, achieving financial security,having time to raise a family, and so on.
還有另外一個原因,使艱難選擇并非是在同等好的選項中抉擇。 假設你要在兩份工作中挑選: 你可以做投資銀行家,或做平面設計師。在這個選擇當中有頗多決定性因素,譬如工作帶來的興奮程度、能獲得的經(jīng)濟保障、顧家時間等等。
maybe the artist's career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of pictorial e_pression. maybe the banking career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of financial manipulation.
也許藝術(shù)家這個職業(yè)能讓你接觸最前沿的圖像表達技術(shù)。或許當銀行家你就能接觸最前端的金融操縱手段。你可以想象任何兩種你喜歡的職業(yè),但兩者都不會比另一方好的。
imagine the two jobs however you like, so that neither is better than the other.now suppose we improve one of them, a bit. suppose the bank, wooing you, adds 500 dollars a month to your salary. does the e_tra money now make the banking job better than the artist one? not necessarily. a higher salary makes the banking job better than it was before, but it might not be enough to make being a banker better than being an artist.
現(xiàn)在,假設我們能稍微改進其中的一方。假設一間銀行嘗試討好你,在你的月薪里增加500美元。這一筆額外的金錢會不會讓這份銀行家的工作優(yōu)于當藝術(shù)家呢?說不準。更高的薪酬讓銀行家的工作優(yōu)于以前,但額外薪水不一定足夠讓成為銀行家變得比成為藝術(shù)家好。
but if an improvement in one of the jobs doesn't make it better than the other, then the two original jobs could not have been equally good. if you start with two things that are equally good, and you improve one of them, it now must be better than the other. that's not the case with options in hard choices.
可如果對其中一種職業(yè)進行改進后結(jié)果并沒有讓一方優(yōu)于另一方,那么兩種選擇本身就不可能是一樣好。如果兩件事一開始都同等的好 ,當你改進了其中一件,那它就一定會優(yōu)于另一個。在艱難抉擇中并非如此。
so now we've got a puzzle. we've got two jobs. neither is better than the other, nor are they equally good.so how are we supposed to choose? something seems to have gone wrong here. maybe the choice itself is problematic, and comparison is impossible. but that can't be right. it's not like we're trying to choose between two things that can't be compared. we're weighing the merits of two jobs, after all, not the merits of the number nine and a plate of fried eggs. a comparison of the overall merits of two jobs is something we can make, and one we often do make.
那么現(xiàn)在我們就有一個疑惑了。這兩份工作,沒有一方能完勝另一方,但又不是同等的好。究竟該怎么選擇呢? 貌似有些事情出錯了??赡苓x項的本身就存在問題,導致我們無法比較。但這也不對啊。我們并不是要在兩種不能被對比的事物間選擇。我們說到底是在衡量兩份工作的利弊,不是對比數(shù)字9和 一盤煎雞蛋的好處。對比兩份工作的總體優(yōu)勢是我們能做到的,也是我們經(jīng)常做的事。
i think the puzzle arises because of an unreflective assumption we make about value. we unwittingly assume that values like justice, beauty, kindness, are akin to scientific quantities, like length, mass and weight. take any comparative question not involving value, such as which of two suitcases is heavier. there are only three possibilities.
我認為疑惑產(chǎn)生的原因源于一種我們對價值的草率設想。我們不知不覺地認為,諸如正義、美麗、善良的價值觀都與一些科學度量類似,都能被量度,譬如長度、質(zhì)量、重量。試想一個與價值觀毫不相關(guān)的比較,例如兩個行李箱中哪個更重。僅有三種可能性。
the weight of one is greater, lesser or equal to the weight of the other. properties like weight can be represented by real numbers -- one, two, three and so on -- and there are only three possible comparisons between any two real numbers. one number is greater, lesser, or equal to the other.not so with values.
其中一個的重量大于、小于 或等于另一個。像重量這樣的性質(zhì)能夠用真實的數(shù)字來表達——1,2,3…… 而且在兩個數(shù)字間的比較中只有三種可能。一個數(shù)字大于、小于或等于另一個數(shù)字價值觀卻不是如此。
as post-enlightenment creatures, we tend to assume that scientific thinking holds the key to everything of importance in our world, but the world of value is different from the world of science. the stuff of the one world can be quantified by real numbers. the stuff of the other world can't. we shouldn't assume that the world of is, of lengths and weights, has the same structure as the world of ought, of what we should do.
作為后啟蒙時期的生物,我們總是設想科學思維可以解決世界上一切重要的問題,但價值觀的世界不同于科學的世界??茖W界中, 一切事物可被數(shù)字度量??蓛r值觀的世界中卻不能。我們不能認為充斥著“是否”、“長度”和“重量”的數(shù)字世界與“該不該”和“該做什么”的價值世界有著同樣的架構(gòu)。
so if what matters to us -- a child's delight, the love you have for your partner — can't be represented by real numbers, then there's no reason to believe that in choice, there are only three possibilities -- that one alternative is better, worse or equal to the other. we need to introduce a new, fourth relation beyond being better, worse or equal, that describes what's going on in hard choices. i like to say that the alternatives are 'on a par.'
所以,如果我們覺得重要的東西,如:孩子的幸福、對另一半的愛,不能用數(shù)字來表示, 那么我們就沒有理由相信, 在抉擇過程中只有三種可能性: 其中一選項總會優(yōu)于、劣于或等于另一項。我們需要一種全新的思考維度,第四種關(guān)系除了優(yōu)于、劣于和等于之外,第四種關(guān)系能描述艱難抉擇的運行模式。我偏好把各選項看做 “等價”。
when alternatives are on a par, it may matter very much which you choose, but one alternative isn't better than the other. rather, the alternatives are in the same neighborhood of value, in the same league of value, while at the same time being very different in kind of value. that's why the choice is hard.
當所有選項等價時,你的選擇就變得極為重要,但選項本身卻沒有哪個比其他的好。反之,所有的選擇項都有類似的價值,都處于同一種價值范疇當中,但同時他們又具有不同的價值。這正是讓選擇變得困難的原因。
understanding hard choices in this way uncovers something about ourselves we didn't know. each of us has the power to create reasons. imagine a world in which every choice you face is an easy choice, that is, there's always a best alternative. if there's a best alternative, then that's the one you should choose,because part of being rational is doing the better thing rather than the worse thing, choosing what you have most reason to choose.
如此理解艱難抉擇,我們就會在自己身上發(fā)現(xiàn)一些意料之外的東西。我們每個人都有能力去創(chuàng)造理由。想象一下若在某個世界中你只需面對簡單抉擇,那么,永遠都有最佳項。若有最佳項,你就應該選它,因為保持理智就意味著選好的不選壞的,選最合理的。
in such a world, we'd have most reason to wear black socks instead of pink socks,to eat cereal instead of donuts, to live in the city rather than the country, to marry betty instead of lolita. a world full of only easy choices would enslave us to reasons.
在這樣的世界里,我們有充足的理由去穿黑襪子而不穿粉色襪子,去吃干麥片不吃甜甜圈,去留在城市里不轉(zhuǎn)向鄉(xiāng)區(qū),去娶betty而不娶lolita。充滿簡單抉擇的世界,會讓我們成為“原由”的奴隸。
when you think about it,it's nuts to believe that the reasons given to you dictated that you had most reason to pursue the e_act hobbies you do, to live in the e_act house you do, to work at the e_act job you do. instead, you faced alternatives that were on a par -- hard choices -- and you made reasons for yourself to choose that hobby, that house and that job.
當你這樣想,你會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己一定是瘋了才會相信 擺在你面前的選擇會決定你追尋各種事物的理由,會決定你的愛好,讓你住現(xiàn)在的房子,讓你選現(xiàn)在的工作。事實上,當你面對的是多個選擇,多個等價的選擇,困難的選擇,你會為自己制造理由來選擇這項愛好、這所房子和這份工作。
when alternatives are on a par, the reasons given to us, the ones that determine whether we're making a mistake, are silent as to what to do. it's here, in the space of hard choices, that we get to e_ercise our normative power -- the power to create reasons for yourself, to make yourself into the kind of person for whom country living is preferable to the urban life.
當各選項等價時, 我們面前的各種理性原由, 這些讓我們分清對錯的原由, 都無法給予我們一個答案。 唯有在這個有艱難抉擇的世界里, 我們才能鍛煉自己的 規(guī)范性力量,以創(chuàng)造自我的原由, 讓自己變成 心中想成為的人, 一種更喜愛鄉(xiāng)村生活而不是城市生活的人。
when we choose between options that are on a par, we can do something really rather remarkable. we can put our very selves behind an option. here's where i stand. here's who i am, i am for banking. i am for chocolate donuts.
當我們需要在等價選項間抉擇時,我們能做出一些十分了不起的事。我們能把自身放在一個選項之后。(說道)這就是我的選擇,這就是我。我選銀行業(yè)。我選巧克力甜甜圈。
this response in hard choices is a rational response, but it's not dictated by reasons given to us. rather, it's supported by reasons created by us. when we create reasons for ourselves to become this kind of person rather than that, we wholeheartedly become the people that we are. you might say that we become the authors of our own lives.
在艱難抉擇中,這種反應是一種理性反應,但卻不是由我們面前的各種原由所決定的。反而,這是由我們自己創(chuàng)造的理由所支撐起來的。當我們?yōu)樽晕覄?chuàng)造原由去成為這種人而非那種人時,我們就打心底里完完全全地成就了真正的自己。你可以說,我們成了譜寫自我人生篇章的作者。
so when we face hard choices, we shouldn't beat our head against a wall trying to figure out which alternative is better. there is no best alternative. instead of looking for reasons out there, we should be looking for reasons in here: who am i to be? you might decide to be a pink sock-wearing, cereal-loving, country-living banker, and i might decide to be a black sock-wearing, urban, donut-loving artist. what we do in hard choices is very much up to each of us.
所以當面對艱難抉擇,不應該拿腦袋撞墻絞盡腦汁地去想哪個選項更優(yōu)。最佳項并不存在。與其在外界苦命尋找理由,我們該往心里找: 我想成為什么樣的人?你可能會決定成為一個穿粉色襪子、愛好干麥片,還住在鄉(xiāng)村的銀行家。而我可能會決定成為一個穿黑襪子,住在城市里,喜歡吃甜甜圈的藝術(shù)家。面臨艱難抉擇時的反應很大程度上 取決于我們自己每個人。
now, people who don't e_ercise their normative powers in hard choices are drifters. we all know people like that. i drifted into being a lawyer. i didn't put my agency behind lawyering. i wasn't for lawyering. drifters allow the world to write the story of their lives. they let mechanisms of reward and punishment -- pats on the head, fear, the easiness of an option -- to determine what they do. so the lesson of hard choices: reflect on what you can put your agency behind, on what you can be for, and through hard choices, become that person.
那些不鍛煉自己規(guī)范性力量的人會成為“漂流者”。我們都認識那樣的人。我(被理性原由限定)“漂流”成了律師。我并沒有全身心投入到律師業(yè)務當中。我不適合當律師。漂流者允許這個世界譜寫他們的生命篇章(被拖著走)。他們讓獎罰機制—— 鼓勵、畏懼、選擇的簡單性——來決定自己的道路。所以艱難抉擇教會我們要審視自己能把身心與精力放到何處,自己究竟追求什么,并通過困難抉擇來成為那種人。
far from being sources of agony and dread, hard choices are precious opportunities for us to celebrate what is special about the human condition, that the reasons that govern our choices as correct or incorrectsometimes run out, and it is here, in the space of hard choices, that we have the power to create reasons for ourselves to become the distinctive people that we are. and that's why hard choices are not a curse but a godsend.
艱難抉擇不是痛苦和恐懼的來源,而是難得的機遇讓我們慶幸人類有如此特殊的選擇權(quán)利,慶幸有時候區(qū)分選擇正誤的理性原由會用盡,而且,慶幸有在這個具有艱難抉擇的世界里,我們有能力去為自己創(chuàng)造理由,去成為與眾不同的自己。這就是為什么,艱難抉擇不是一種詛咒,而是天賜之物。
thank you.(applause)
謝謝(掌聲)
你該如何面對艱難的選擇觀后感
演講臺上,當別人激情澎湃、出口成章的時候,你是不是想過:我什么時候能成為這樣的人?
生活中,當聽到別人在談論某某考上了哪所名牌高校,做的什么工作,年薪多少的時候,你是不是想過:我什么時候能成為這樣的人?
當你為此深夜輾轉(zhuǎn)反側(cè)、不能入眠的時候,有沒有反問過自己:我怎么樣才能成為那樣的人呢?
如何才能成為一個很厲害的人呢?
選擇自己愿意選擇的,即刻行動,從工作核心區(qū)開始。
選擇自己愿意選擇的
做重大選擇時,應該從終極問題出發(fā),以人生最高目標作為第一原則。ted上有個視頻叫:how to make hard choices,演講者是 ruth chang,她在里面提到做出選擇時,就是找出說服自己的理由,想想自己想成為怎樣的人,比較外界的因素,確實更為有效。有很多時候,選擇之所以艱難,就是因為我們沒有想清楚自己到底想要的是什么,從自身找原因去做出選擇更有效。
借用哲學家朱莉安的一句話:只有尊重你放棄的選項,才能讓你選擇的選項變得更有價值。做選擇時就是進行價值觀的衡量,應該完全遵從自己的想法,選擇自己愿意選擇的選項。
在很多情況下,人們經(jīng)常會在一些選擇中面臨二選一,比如學生要畢業(yè)時會在考研還是去找工作之中做出決定,談戀愛時進展到一定階段就會考慮應該跟另一半結(jié)婚還是分手。當你面臨兩個極端選擇時,第一步就是要學會不信任“是或否”式?jīng)Q定。你可能正在陷入了思維狹隘的誤區(qū)。需要跳出當前的思維方式,試著去用不同的角度去考慮問題,比如可以去尋找兩個選擇之間的連接點把能力連接起來?用六頂思維帽來評估自己的誤區(qū)和其它可能,試著做出一些創(chuàng)造性的改造,總之,永遠不要放棄尋找第三選項,因為最好的選擇,往往來自在更高目標指引下的我們的創(chuàng)造。
即使對一些重大選擇做出了錯誤的決定,并也不代表你的人生就毀滅了,當你把時間放到一生來看,人生就是一個不斷選擇再選擇的過程,等過上一段時間新的選擇也可能會顛覆原先那個關(guān)鍵的選擇,選擇本來也是可以被修正、被重塑的。不管你做了哪個選擇,你的某些東西或特質(zhì)是永遠不會改變的,只要你能堅持自己的目標,雖然走的是另一條路但最終都會帶著你走向同一個目的地。
即刻行動
微信上曾發(fā)起過一個活動叫100天行動。在100天內(nèi)聚焦一個目標,每天堅持下去,最終培養(yǎng)成習慣。這個活動目前有數(shù)十萬人參加,其中一個最常見的現(xiàn)象就是有人在加入這個活動時,經(jīng)常考慮太多的問題,比如選擇練字做為目標,然后就考慮應該練什么字帖,選什么筆,安排在什么時間,總想等到所有條件都合適或自己完全準備好才會開始,而一旦有這樣的想法基本上都會拖延很長時間沒有開始,當你要去完成一件事的時候,并且不知道應該如何去做,最好的辦法就直接開始去做。只要開始了第一步,就會有第二步、第三步。就象剛才提到的練字,只要開始寫上幾天字,然后定期做一些總結(jié)和回顧,慢慢的就能找到符合自己的方法并且堅持下去。
在行動之后總會遇到各種各樣問題,但只要問題開始細化之后,就比較容易去解決。但如果你總是想準備好之后再去行動,那么你永遠無法完全準備好。
從工作核心區(qū)開始
任務分解的“三明治模型”
一個任務可以象三明治一樣分解成不同的類型和區(qū)域,對于我們所面臨的任務來說,絕大多數(shù)任務都有一個至關(guān)重要、通常也是最棘手的部分,這個部分需要我們集中精力、非常專注地進行思考,然后將其破解。一旦這個部分被完成,那么這個任務就已經(jīng)完成了大半,余下的就是一些支持性的、補充性的工作。
當你面臨一個比較艱巨的任務的時候,直接把任務切片,找出工作的核心區(qū),然后開始調(diào)整自己的狀態(tài)、安排時間、環(huán)境,可以使用番茄工作法,利用專注不受干擾的、能純粹跳脫出來思考的、能達至“心流”狀態(tài)把最關(guān)鍵的“核心區(qū)”搞定,這個任務會比較容易被攻克。
對不同認知類型的工作分層處理
人的大腦在對不同認知類型進行切換時,需要重新進行調(diào)整,如在寫書時可以分為文字、圖片、排版,如果按常規(guī)方式進行,一邊文字一邊排版,然后遇到配圖的地方,在找圖,這樣的效率就很低,但你把任務按類型進行分解分為文字、插圖和排版,寫文字的時候就一路往下寫,對于需要插圖的地方,只是記下位置標記和特征要點,待到一整章寫完后,才返回去加上插圖。最后再排版,象使用ps處理圖片中的圖層一樣進行分層操作,效率就很會提高很多。
在處理多項任務的場景中。比如你現(xiàn)在有兩個任務要做,一個是寫一個 word 文檔,另一個是做一個ppt,常規(guī)的做法是先把其中一個做完再做另一個,或者其中一個先做。一部分再換到另一個。而圖層工作法可以這么做,把 word 任務分解為word 文字、 word 圖示、word 排版三部分,把 ppt 分解為 ppt 文字、ppt 圖示、ppt 排版三部分。然后將相同認知類型的工作組合在一起,處理的效率就會大大加快。
“圖層工作法”是完成一個復雜作品或者復雜項目的基礎(chǔ),甚至可能是最有效的戰(zhàn)術(shù),而對于習慣于制作簡單作品的我們來說,它也是幫助我們邁向更高行動能力的一架梯子。正如德國思想家本雅明所說:“寫好散文要經(jīng)過三個臺階,一個是音樂的,這時它被構(gòu)思;一個是建筑的,這時它被搭建起來;最后一個是紡織的,這時它被織成。”
子曰:吾日三省吾身。要想成為一個很厲害的人,我們是不是也得經(jīng)常問問自己:是否選擇了自己愿意為之拼搏的選擇?選擇之后是否為之即刻付諸行動?行動是否張弛有度、條理分明?
第4篇 ted英語演講:你該如何面對艱難選擇
how to make hard choices
演講者:ruth chang
| 中英對照演講稿 |
think of a hard choice you'll face in the near future. it might be between two careers--artist and accountant--or places to live--the city or the country--or even between two people to marry--you could marry betty or you could marry lolita. or it might be a choice about whether to have children, to have an ailing parent move in with you, to raise your child in a religion that your partner lives by but leaves you cold. or whether to donate your life savings to charity.
設想在不久的未來,你將面對一個艱難的決定。這也許是在兩份職業(yè)中做出一個選擇,藝術(shù)家還是會計師;也許是選擇居住的地方,城市還是鄉(xiāng)村;也許是在兩個人中選擇和誰結(jié)婚,betty 或者是lolita;抑或思考是否要孩子;是否讓年老體衰的父母跟你一起住;是否讓你的孩子信奉你配偶信仰的宗教,即便你會因自身不信奉而被冷落;又或者說,是否將畢生積儲捐贈給慈善機構(gòu)。
chances are, the hard choice you thought of was something big, something momentous, something that matters to you. hard choices seem to be occasions for agonizing, hand-wringing, the gnashing of teeth. but i think we've misunderstood hard choices and the role they play in our lives. understanding hard choicesuncovers a hidden power each of us possesses.
有可能,你所思考的這些艱難抉擇都十分龐大,十分重要你也十分重視。每當困難的選擇出現(xiàn),他都會讓你感到痛苦、絕望,讓你咬牙切齒。但我認為我們誤解了艱難抉擇的定義,更誤解了其在我們生活中扮演的角色。倘若能理解這些艱難決定,我們每個人便會發(fā)掘出 一種隱藏的潛力。
what makes a choice hard is the way the alternatives relate. in any easy choice, one alternative is better than the other. in a hard choice, one alternative is better in some ways, the other alternative is better in other ways, and neither is better than the other overall. you agonize over whether to stay in your current job in the city or uproot your life for more challenging work in the country, because staying is better in some ways,moving is better in others, and neither is better than the other overall.
一個抉擇之所以難是由于選項之間相互關(guān)聯(lián)。任何簡單的抉擇中,總有一種選擇比另一種要好??稍谄D難抉擇中,一種選擇在某些方面較好,另一種選擇在其他方面較好,二者各有千秋讓人無法定奪。你痛苦地糾結(jié)于應該繼續(xù)呆在這座城市里干這份工作,還是改變一下你的生活方式到鄉(xiāng)村去接受更具挑戰(zhàn)性的工作,因為留下有留下的好處,離開也有好處,兩種選擇各有千秋難以定奪。
we shouldn't think that all hard choices are big. let's say you're deciding what to have for breakfast. you could have high fiber bran cereal or a chocolate donut. suppose what matters in the choice is tastiness and healthfulness. the cereal is better for you, the donut tastes way better, but neither is better than the other overall, a hard choice.
我們不應該認為所有的艱難抉擇都很龐大。打個比方,你正決定吃什么早餐。你可以吃高纖維全谷干麥片,或者吃巧克力甜甜圈。假設在此抉擇中的決定性因素是美味程度和健康程度。麥片對你身體好,甜甜圈卻好吃很多,但兩者都有自身優(yōu)勢,這就是一個艱難抉擇。
realizing that small choices can also be hard, may make big hard choices seem less intractable. after all, we manage to figure out what to have for breakfast, so maybe we can figure out whether to stay in the city or uproot for the new job in the country.
如果意識到小的選擇也可能會變得困難,那面對大的艱難抉擇時我們可能就不會覺得那么棘手了。畢竟,我們總能決定早餐吃什么,所以我們也許能夠想明白,究竟要留在市區(qū),還是到鄉(xiāng)下接手新的工作。
we also shouldn't think that hard choices are hard because we are stupid. when i graduated from college, i couldn't decide between two careers, philosophy and law. i really loved philosophy. there are amazing things you can learn as a philosopher, and all from the comfort of an armchair. but i came from a modest immigrant family where my idea of lu_ury was having a pork tongue and jelly sandwich in my school lunchbo_, so the thought of spending my whole life sitting around in armchairs just thinking ... well, that struck me as the height of e_travagance and frivolity.
同時,我們也不應該覺得,選擇之所以難是因為自己很愚蠢。在我剛大學畢業(yè)的時候,我無法從兩種職業(yè)中抉擇,哲學還是法律。我真心喜歡哲學,若能成為哲學家,便能學到很多驚奇的東西,而且舒舒服服地坐在椅子上就好。可我出生自一個樸實簡素的移民家庭,我對奢侈的概念,就是能在上學的午餐盒里找到一塊豬舌和一份果凍三明治。所以這種一輩子僅坐在椅子上思考的想法,其實,對我來說只是一種奢侈和輕浮的假象罷了。
so i got out my yellow pad, i drew a line down the middle, and i tried my best to think of the reasons for and against each alternative. i remember thinking to myself, if only i knew what my life in each career would be like. if only god or netfli_ would send me a dvd of my two possible future careers, i'd be set. i'd compare them side by side, i'd see that one was better, and the choice would be easy.
所以我拿出自己黃色筆記本,在中間劃了一條線,然后竭盡所能地寫出每種選擇的利與弊。當時我就想:如果能知道選擇某種職業(yè)后我的人生會變成怎樣就好了。如果上帝或者網(wǎng)飛公司能送我一張dvd來向我描述這兩種充滿可能性的職業(yè)生涯,那我就能做出選擇了。我就能一一對比,看看哪種更好,這樣一來抉擇就簡單多了。
but i got no dvd, and because i couldn't figure out which was better, i did what many of us do in hard choices: i took the safest option. fear of being an unemployed philosopher led me to become a lawyer, and as i discovered, lawyering didn't quite fit. it wasn't who i was.
但我沒有收到這種dvd,而且由于我實在想不出哪一種更優(yōu),我就和大多數(shù)人一樣:選擇了最安全的一項。成為失業(yè)哲學家的恐懼,驅(qū)使我成了一名律師??珊髞砦野l(fā)現(xiàn),當律師不大適合我,這不是真正的我。
so now i'm a philosopher, and i study hard choices, and i can tell you, that fear of the unknown, while a common motivational default in dealing with hard choices, rests on a misconception of them.
所以我現(xiàn)在是名哲學家,我鉆研艱難抉擇,我可以告訴大家,對未知產(chǎn)生恐懼是在進行困難抉擇時的自然反應,而這種恐懼來源于對艱難抉擇的誤解。
it's a mistake to think that in hard choices, one alternative really is better than the other, but we're too stupid to know which, and since we don't know which, we might as well take the least risky option. even taking two alternatives side by side with full information, a choice can still be hard. hard choices are hard not because of us or our ignorance; they're hard because there is no best option.
我們不應該認為,在艱難抉擇中某種選擇總會會比另一種好,可我們自身太愚蠢,所以無法辨別,那既然我們無法定奪,倒不如選風險最小的那項。就算你完全了解了兩種選項并將其一一對照,你仍然很難決定。選擇之所以難,不是因為我們無知;難的原因在于沒有最優(yōu)選項。
now, if there's no best option, if the scales don't tip in favor of one alternative over another, then surely the alternatives must be equally good. so maybe the right thing to say in hard choices is that they're between equally good options. but that can't be right. if alternatives are equally good, you should just flip a coin between them, and it seems a mistake to think, here's how you should decide between careers, places to live, people to marry: flip a coin.
那么,如果沒有最佳項,如果衡量的天秤不會傾向于 任何一方,那么任何選項都一定是好的。所以面對艱難抉擇,可能正確的思維方式,就是認為選項雙方一樣好。這種想法肯定不對。如果選項都一樣好,那還不如直接拋硬幣算了,這樣就會產(chǎn)生思想誤區(qū),讓你認為自己選擇事業(yè)、住處、婚嫁時都拋硬幣選擇就好了。
there's another reason for thinking that hard choices aren't choices between equally good options. suppose you have a choice between two jobs: you could be an investment banker or a graphic artist. there are a variety of things that matter in such a choice, like the e_citement of the work, achieving financial security,having time to raise a family, and so on.
還有另外一個原因,使艱難選擇并非是在同等好的選項中抉擇。 假設你要在兩份工作中挑選: 你可以做投資銀行家,或做平面設計師。在這個選擇當中有頗多決定性因素,譬如工作帶來的興奮程度、能獲得的經(jīng)濟保障、顧家時間等等。
maybe the artist's career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of pictorial e_pression. maybe the banking career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of financial manipulation.
也許藝術(shù)家這個職業(yè)能讓你接觸最前沿的圖像表達技術(shù)?;蛟S當銀行家你就能接觸最前端的金融操縱手段。你可以想象任何兩種你喜歡的職業(yè),但兩者都不會比另一方好的。
imagine the two jobs however you like, so that neither is better than the other.now suppose we improve one of them, a bit. suppose the bank, wooing you, adds 500 dollars a month to your salary. does the e_tra money now make the banking job better than the artist one? not necessarily. a higher salary makes the banking job better than it was before, but it might not be enough to make being a banker better than being an artist.
現(xiàn)在,假設我們能稍微改進其中的一方。假設一間銀行嘗試討好你,在你的月薪里增加500美元。這一筆額外的金錢會不會讓這份銀行家的工作優(yōu)于當藝術(shù)家呢?說不準。更高的薪酬讓銀行家的工作優(yōu)于以前,但額外薪水不一定足夠讓成為銀行家變得比成為藝術(shù)家好。
but if an improvement in one of the jobs doesn't make it better than the other, then the two original jobs could not have been equally good. if you start with two things that are equally good, and you improve one of them, it now must be better than the other. that's not the case with options in hard choices.
可如果對其中一種職業(yè)進行改進后結(jié)果并沒有讓一方優(yōu)于另一方,那么兩種選擇本身就不可能是一樣好。如果兩件事一開始都同等的好 ,當你改進了其中一件,那它就一定會優(yōu)于另一個。在艱難抉擇中并非如此。
so now we've got a puzzle. we've got two jobs. neither is better than the other, nor are they equally good.so how are we supposed to choose? something seems to have gone wrong here. maybe the choice itself is problematic, and comparison is impossible. but that can't be right. it's not like we're trying to choose between two things that can't be compared. we're weighing the merits of two jobs, after all, not the merits of the number nine and a plate of fried eggs. a comparison of the overall merits of two jobs is something we can make, and one we often do make.
那么現(xiàn)在我們就有一個疑惑了。這兩份工作,沒有一方能完勝另一方,但又不是同等的好。究竟該怎么選擇呢? 貌似有些事情出錯了??赡苓x項的本身就存在問題,導致我們無法比較。但這也不對啊。我們并不是要在兩種不能被對比的事物間選擇。我們說到底是在衡量兩份工作的利弊,不是對比數(shù)字9和 一盤煎雞蛋的好處。對比兩份工作的總體優(yōu)勢是我們能做到的,也是我們經(jīng)常做的事。
i think the puzzle arises because of an unreflective assumption we make about value. we unwittingly assume that values like justice, beauty, kindness, are akin to scientific quantities, like length, mass and weight. take any comparative question not involving value, such as which of two suitcases is heavier. there are only three possibilities.
我認為疑惑產(chǎn)生的原因源于一種我們對價值的草率設想。我們不知不覺地認為,諸如正義、美麗、善良的價值觀都與一些科學度量類似,都能被量度,譬如長度、質(zhì)量、重量。試想一個與價值觀毫不相關(guān)的比較,例如兩個行李箱中哪個更重。僅有三種可能性。
the weight of one is greater, lesser or equal to the weight of the other. properties like weight can be represented by real numbers -- one, two, three and so on -- and there are only three possible comparisons between any two real numbers. one number is greater, lesser, or equal to the other.not so with values.
其中一個的重量大于、小于 或等于另一個。像重量這樣的性質(zhì)能夠用真實的數(shù)字來表達——1,2,3…… 而且在兩個數(shù)字間的比較中只有三種可能。一個數(shù)字大于、小于或等于另一個數(shù)字價值觀卻不是如此。
as post-enlightenment creatures, we tend to assume that scientific thinking holds the key to everything of importance in our world, but the world of value is different from the world of science. the stuff of the one world can be quantified by real numbers. the stuff of the other world can't. we shouldn't assume that the world of is, of lengths and weights, has the same structure as the world of ought, of what we should do.
作為后啟蒙時期的生物,我們總是設想科學思維可以解決世界上一切重要的問題,但價值觀的世界不同于科學的世界??茖W界中, 一切事物可被數(shù)字度量??蓛r值觀的世界中卻不能。我們不能認為充斥著“是否”、“長度”和“重量”的數(shù)字世界與“該不該”和“該做什么”的價值世界有著同樣的架構(gòu)。
so if what matters to us -- a child's delight, the love you have for your partner — can't be represented by real numbers, then there's no reason to believe that in choice, there are only three possibilities -- that one alternative is better, worse or equal to the other. we need to introduce a new, fourth relation beyond being better, worse or equal, that describes what's going on in hard choices. i like to say that the alternatives are 'on a par.'
所以,如果我們覺得重要的東西,如:孩子的幸福、對另一半的愛,不能用數(shù)字來表示, 那么我們就沒有理由相信, 在抉擇過程中只有三種可能性: 其中一選項總會優(yōu)于、劣于或等于另一項。我們需要一種全新的思考維度,第四種關(guān)系除了優(yōu)于、劣于和等于之外,第四種關(guān)系能描述艱難抉擇的運行模式。我偏好把各選項看做 “等價”。
when alternatives are on a par, it may matter very much which you choose, but one alternative isn't better than the other. rather, the alternatives are in the same neighborhood of value, in the same league of value, while at the same time being very different in kind of value. that's why the choice is hard.
當所有選項等價時,你的選擇就變得極為重要,但選項本身卻沒有哪個比其他的好。反之,所有的選擇項都有類似的價值,都處于同一種價值范疇當中,但同時他們又具有不同的價值。這正是讓選擇變得困難的原因。
understanding hard choices in this way uncovers something about ourselves we didn't know. each of us has the power to create reasons. imagine a world in which every choice you face is an easy choice, that is, there's always a best alternative. if there's a best alternative, then that's the one you should choose,because part of being rational is doing the better thing rather than the worse thing, choosing what you have most reason to choose.
如此理解艱難抉擇,我們就會在自己身上發(fā)現(xiàn)一些意料之外的東西。我們每個人都有能力去創(chuàng)造理由。想象一下若在某個世界中你只需面對簡單抉擇,那么,永遠都有最佳項。若有最佳項,你就應該選它,因為保持理智就意味著選好的不選壞的,選最合理的。
in such a world, we'd have most reason to wear black socks instead of pink socks,to eat cereal instead of donuts, to live in the city rather than the country, to marry betty instead of lolita. a world full of only easy choices would enslave us to reasons.
在這樣的世界里,我們有充足的理由去穿黑襪子而不穿粉色襪子,去吃干麥片不吃甜甜圈,去留在城市里不轉(zhuǎn)向鄉(xiāng)區(qū),去娶betty而不娶lolita。充滿簡單抉擇的世界,會讓我們成為“原由”的奴隸。
when you think about it,it's nuts to believe that the reasons given to you dictated that you had most reason to pursue the e_act hobbies you do, to live in the e_act house you do, to work at the e_act job you do. instead, you faced alternatives that were on a par -- hard choices -- and you made reasons for yourself to choose that hobby, that house and that job.
當你這樣想,你會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己一定是瘋了才會相信 擺在你面前的選擇會決定你追尋各種事物的理由,會決定你的愛好,讓你住現(xiàn)在的房子,讓你選現(xiàn)在的工作。事實上,當你面對的是多個選擇,多個等價的選擇,困難的選擇,你會為自己制造理由來選擇這項愛好、這所房子和這份工作。
when alternatives are on a par, the reasons given to us, the ones that determine whether we're making a mistake, are silent as to what to do. it's here, in the space of hard choices, that we get to e_ercise our normative power -- the power to create reasons for yourself, to make yourself into the kind of person for whom country living is preferable to the urban life.
當各選項等價時, 我們面前的各種理性原由, 這些讓我們分清對錯的原由, 都無法給予我們一個答案。 唯有在這個有艱難抉擇的世界里, 我們才能鍛煉自己的 規(guī)范性力量,以創(chuàng)造自我的原由, 讓自己變成 心中想成為的人, 一種更喜愛鄉(xiāng)村生活而不是城市生活的人。
when we choose between options that are on a par, we can do something really rather remarkable. we can put our very selves behind an option. here's where i stand. here's who i am, i am for banking. i am for chocolate donuts.
當我們需要在等價選項間抉擇時,我們能做出一些十分了不起的事。我們能把自身放在一個選項之后。(說道)這就是我的選擇,這就是我。我選銀行業(yè)。我選巧克力甜甜圈。
this response in hard choices is a rational response, but it's not dictated by reasons given to us. rather, it's supported by reasons created by us. when we create reasons for ourselves to become this kind of person rather than that, we wholeheartedly become the people that we are. you might say that we become the authors of our own lives.
在艱難抉擇中,這種反應是一種理性反應,但卻不是由我們面前的各種原由所決定的。反而,這是由我們自己創(chuàng)造的理由所支撐起來的。當我們?yōu)樽晕覄?chuàng)造原由去成為這種人而非那種人時,我們就打心底里完完全全地成就了真正的自己。你可以說,我們成了譜寫自我人生篇章的作者。
so when we face hard choices, we shouldn't beat our head against a wall trying to figure out which alternative is better. there is no best alternative. instead of looking for reasons out there, we should be looking for reasons in here: who am i to be? you might decide to be a pink sock-wearing, cereal-loving, country-living banker, and i might decide to be a black sock-wearing, urban, donut-loving artist. what we do in hard choices is very much up to each of us.
所以當面對艱難抉擇,不應該拿腦袋撞墻絞盡腦汁地去想哪個選項更優(yōu)。最佳項并不存在。與其在外界苦命尋找理由,我們該往心里找: 我想成為什么樣的人?你可能會決定成為一個穿粉色襪子、愛好干麥片,還住在鄉(xiāng)村的銀行家。而我可能會決定成為一個穿黑襪子,住在城市里,喜歡吃甜甜圈的藝術(shù)家。面臨艱難抉擇時的反應很大程度上 取決于我們自己每個人。
now, people who don't e_ercise their normative powers in hard choices are drifters. we all know people like that. i drifted into being a lawyer. i didn't put my agency behind lawyering. i wasn't for lawyering. drifters allow the world to write the story of their lives. they let mechanisms of reward and punishment -- pats on the head, fear, the easiness of an option -- to determine what they do. so the lesson of hard choices: reflect on what you can put your agency behind, on what you can be for, and through hard choices, become that person.
那些不鍛煉自己規(guī)范性力量的人會成為“漂流者”。我們都認識那樣的人。我(被理性原由限定)“漂流”成了律師。我并沒有全身心投入到律師業(yè)務當中。我不適合當律師。漂流者允許這個世界譜寫他們的生命篇章(被拖著走)。他們讓獎罰機制—— 鼓勵、畏懼、選擇的簡單性——來決定自己的道路。所以艱難抉擇教會我們要審視自己能把身心與精力放到何處,自己究竟追求什么,并通過困難抉擇來成為那種人。
far from being sources of agony and dread, hard choices are precious opportunities for us to celebrate what is special about the human condition, that the reasons that govern our choices as correct or incorrectsometimes run out, and it is here, in the space of hard choices, that we have the power to create reasons for ourselves to become the distinctive people that we are. and that's why hard choices are not a curse but a godsend.
艱難抉擇不是痛苦和恐懼的來源,而是難得的機遇讓我們慶幸人類有如此特殊的選擇權(quán)利,慶幸有時候區(qū)分選擇正誤的理性原由會用盡,而且,慶幸有在這個具有艱難抉擇的世界里,我們有能力去為自己創(chuàng)造理由,去成為與眾不同的自己。這就是為什么,艱難抉擇不是一種詛咒,而是天賜之物。
thank you.(applause)
謝謝(掌聲)